代数核心考点精通指南 | AI生成和翻译
问题:请提供以下 Algebra 主题的综合指南:1. Variables and Expressions,2. Linear Equations (one variable),3. Solving Linear Inequalities,4. Graphing Linear Equations (slope-intercept form),5. Systems of Linear Equations (solving methods),6. Exponents and Radicals (properties),7. Polynomials (addition, subtraction, multiplication),8. Factoring Polynomials (various techniques),9. Quadratic Equations (standard form),10. Solving Quadratic Equations (factoring, quadratic formula),11. Graphing Quadratic Functions (parabolas),12. Rational Expressions (simplifying, operations),13. Solving Rational Equations,14. Functions (definition, notation, domain, range),15. Types of Functions (linear, quadratic, exponential),16. Inverse Functions,17. Logarithmic Functions (definition, properties),18. Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations,19. Sequences and Series (arithmetic, geometric),20. Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities。
回答:
这是一份涵盖高中 Algebra 1 和 Algebra 2 核心主题的综合且简洁的指南。每个部分都包含关键定义、规则、方法和示例。
1. Variables and Expressions
- Variable 是代表未知值的符号(通常是字母)。
- Constant 是固定的数字。
- Algebraic expression 组合了 Variables、Constants 和运算(没有 = 号)。
- Terms 是被 + 或 − 分开的部分;Like terms 具有相同的 Variable 和 Exponents。
- Coefficient 是与 Variable 相乘的数字。
示例:简化 3x + 5 − 2x + 7
→ (3x − 2x) + (5 + 7) = x + 12
2. Linear Equations (one variable)
目标:分离 Variable。使用逆运算和 Golden Rule:无论对等式的一边做什么,都要对另一边做同样的操作。
ax + b = cx + d 的步骤:
- 将 Variable terms 移到一边。
- 将 Constants 移到另一边。
- 除以 Variable 的 Coefficient。
示例:3(x − 4) = 5x + 2
3x − 12 = 5x + 2
−12 − 2 = 5x − 3x
−14 = 2x
x = −7
3. Solving Linear Inequalities
与方程类似,但当乘以或除以负数时,需要翻转不等号。
规则:
- 加/减:符号保持不变。
- 乘以/除以正数:符号保持不变。
- 乘以/除以负数:符号翻转。
示例:−2x + 5 > 11
−2x > 6
x < −3(翻转)
Compound inequalities:−3 ≤ 2x + 1 < 7 → −4 ≤ 2x < 6 → −2 ≤ x < 3
4. Graphing Linear Equations (slope-intercept form)
Slope-intercept form:y = mx + b
- m = Slope(rise/run,斜率/陡度)
- b = y-intercept(直线与 y 轴相交处)
步骤:
- 在 y 轴上标出 b 点。
- 从该点出发,利用 Slope (rise/run) 找到另一个点。
- 连接各点画出直线。
示例:y = −3/2 x + 4
从 (0, 4) 开始,向下 3 右移 2 → (2, 1),以此类推。
5. Systems of Linear Equations (solving methods)
两个或多个 Linear Equations 同时求解。解的情况:一个点 (consistent)、无解 (parallel)、无数个解 (same line)。
方法:
- Graphing:交点。
- Substitution:解出一个 Variable,代入另一个方程。
- Elimination:加减方程以消除一个 Variable。
示例 (Elimination):
2x + 3y = 8
4x − 3y = 10
相加 → 6x = 18 → x = 3
代入 2(3) + 3y = 8 → y = 2/3
6. Exponents and Radicals (properties)
Exponent 规则:
- xᵐ · xⁿ = xᵐ⁺ⁿ
- xᵐ / xⁿ = xᵐ⁻ⁿ
- (xᵐ)ⁿ = xᵐⁿ
- x⁰ = 1 (x ≠ 0)
- x⁻ⁿ = 1/xⁿ
- (xy)ⁿ = xⁿ yⁿ
- (x/y)ⁿ = xⁿ/yⁿ
Radical 规则 (√ = ^{1/2}):
- √(ab) = √a · √b
- √(a/b) = √a / √b
-
√(a²) = a - Rationalize denominator(分母有理化):乘以共轭复数。
7. Polynomials (addition, subtraction, multiplication)
- Polynomial:具有非负整数指数的项。
- Degree:最高指数。
- 加法/减法:合并 Like terms。
- 乘法:分配律(对二项式使用 FOIL)。
示例:(2x² + 3x − 5)(x − 4) = 2x³ − 8x² + 3x² − 12x − 5x + 20 = 2x³ − 5x² − 17x + 20
8. Factoring Polynomials (various techniques)
- Greatest Common Factor (GCF)
- Difference of Squares:a² − b² = (a − b)(a + b)
- Perfect Square Trinomial:a² ± 2ab + b² = (a ± b)²
- Grouping(分组分解)
- Trinomials (ac method 或试错法):x² + bx + c → 寻找 c 的因子,使其和等于 b
- Sum/Difference of Cubes:a³ ± b³ = (a ± b)(a² ∓ ab + b²)
示例:x² − 7x − 18 = (x − 9)(x + 2)
9. Quadratic Equations (standard form)
Standard form:ax² + bx + c = 0 (a ≠ 0)
10. Solving Quadratic Equations
方法:
- Factoring(可行时首选)
- Square root property:x² = k → x = ±√k
- Completing the square(配方法)
- Quadratic formula:x = [-b ± √(b² − 4ac)] / (2a)
- Discriminant(判别式) D = b² − 4ac:D > 0 (两个实根),D = 0 (一个实根),D < 0 (无实根)
示例:2x² − 5x − 3 = 0 → x = [5 ± √(25 + 24)] / 4 = [5 ± 7]/4 → x = 3 或 x = −1/2
11. Graphing Quadratic Functions (parabolas)
Vertex form:y = a(x − h)² + k → vertex (h, k)
- a > 0:开口向上 (minimum)
- a < 0:开口向下 (maximum)
-
a > 1:变窄; a < 1:变宽
Axis of symmetry(对称轴):x = h
y-intercept:(0, k + ah²)
12. Rational Expressions (simplifying, operations)
Rational expression:多项式分式
- Simplify:分解分子和分母,约去共同因子(排除分母为 0 的情况)
运算:
- 乘法:分解、约分、相乘
- 除法:乘以倒数
- 加法/减法:通分、合并
示例:(x² − 4)/(x² − x − 6) = (x−2)(x+2) / (x−3)(x+2) = (x−2)/(x−3) (x ≠ −2, 3)
13. Solving Rational Equations
- 找到 LCD(最小公分母)。
- 两边同乘 LCD(清除分母)。
- 求解所得方程。
- 检查解(排除使原分母为零的值)。
示例:3/(x−1) + 2/x = 5 → 同乘 x(x−1):3x + 2(x−1) = 5x(x−1)
14. Functions (definition, notation, domain, range)
- Function:每个输入 (x) 对应唯一的输出 (y) → 垂直线判定法
- Notation:f(x) = 2x + 3 → 读作 “f of x”
- Domain(定义域):所有可能的 x 值
- Range(值域):所有可能的 y 值
15. Types of Functions
- Linear:f(x) = mx + b → 直线
- Quadratic:f(x) = ax² + bx + c → 抛物线
- Exponential:f(x) = a·bˣ (b > 0, b ≠ 1) → 增长/衰减
16. Inverse Functions
f 和 f⁻¹ 互相撤销:f(f⁻¹(x)) = x
求解方法:交换 x 和 y,解出 y。
示例:f(x) = 3x − 7 → y = 3x − 7 → x = 3y − 7 → y = (x + 7)/3 = f⁻¹(x)
One-to-one functions 具有 inverses(水平线判定法)。
17. Logarithmic Functions (definition, properties)
Logarithm:log_b(a) = c 表示 b^c = a
Common logs:log = log₁₀,ln = log_e (natural log)
属性:
- log_b(xy) = log_b x + log_b y
- log_b(x/y) = log_b x − log_b y
- log_b(x^k) = k log_b x
- log_b b = 1, log_b 1 = 0
- Change of base(换底公式):log_b a = ln a / ln b
18. Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations
- Exponential:孤立底数,两边取对数。
- Logarithmic:两边取幂(重写为指数形式)。
示例:5^x = 20 → x = log₅ 20 = ln20 / ln5
示例:log₂(x + 3) = 4 → x + 3 = 2⁴ = 16 → x = 13
19. Sequences and Series
- Sequence:有序列表 (a₁, a₂, …)
-
Arithmetic(等差):公差 d
aₙ = a₁ + (n−1)d
Sum Sₙ = n/2 (a₁ + aₙ) 或 n/2 [2a₁ + (n−1)d] - Geometric(等比):公比 r
aₙ = a₁ · r^(n−1)
Sum Sₙ = a₁ (1 − r^n)/(1 − r) (|r| < 1 时可求无穷和)
20. Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities
-
x = k → x = k 或 x = −k (k ≥ 0) -
x < k → −k < x < k -
x > k → x < −k 或 x > k
| 示例: | 2x − 3 | = 7 → 2x − 3 = 7 或 2x − 3 = −7 → x = 5 或 x = −2 |
| 示例: | x + 4 | ≤ 6 → −6 ≤ x + 4 ≤ 6 → −10 ≤ x ≤ 2 |
参考文献:
- Khan Academy Algebra
- Khan Academy Algebra 2
- Mathplanet Algebra 2
- Pauls Online Math Notes Algebra Cheat Sheet