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问题:请提供以下 Algebra 主题的综合指南:1. Variables and Expressions,2. Linear Equations (one variable),3. Solving Linear Inequalities,4. Graphing Linear Equations (slope-intercept form),5. Systems of Linear Equations (solving methods),6. Exponents and Radicals (properties),7. Polynomials (addition, subtraction, multiplication),8. Factoring Polynomials (various techniques),9. Quadratic Equations (standard form),10. Solving Quadratic Equations (factoring, quadratic formula),11. Graphing Quadratic Functions (parabolas),12. Rational Expressions (simplifying, operations),13. Solving Rational Equations,14. Functions (definition, notation, domain, range),15. Types of Functions (linear, quadratic, exponential),16. Inverse Functions,17. Logarithmic Functions (definition, properties),18. Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations,19. Sequences and Series (arithmetic, geometric),20. Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities。

回答:

这是一份涵盖高中 Algebra 1 和 Algebra 2 核心主题的综合且简洁的指南。每个部分都包含关键定义、规则、方法和示例。

1. Variables and Expressions

示例:简化 3x + 5 − 2x + 7
→ (3x − 2x) + (5 + 7) = x + 12

2. Linear Equations (one variable)

目标:分离 Variable。使用逆运算和 Golden Rule:无论对等式的一边做什么,都要对另一边做同样的操作。

ax + b = cx + d 的步骤:

  1. 将 Variable terms 移到一边。
  2. 将 Constants 移到另一边。
  3. 除以 Variable 的 Coefficient。

示例:3(x − 4) = 5x + 2
3x − 12 = 5x + 2
−12 − 2 = 5x − 3x
−14 = 2x
x = −7

3. Solving Linear Inequalities

与方程类似,但当乘以或除以负数时,需要翻转不等号。

规则

示例:−2x + 5 > 11
−2x > 6
x < −3(翻转)

Compound inequalities:−3 ≤ 2x + 1 < 7 → −4 ≤ 2x < 6 → −2 ≤ x < 3

4. Graphing Linear Equations (slope-intercept form)

Slope-intercept form:y = mx + b

步骤

  1. 在 y 轴上标出 b 点。
  2. 从该点出发,利用 Slope (rise/run) 找到另一个点。
  3. 连接各点画出直线。

示例:y = −3/2 x + 4
从 (0, 4) 开始,向下 3 右移 2 → (2, 1),以此类推。

5. Systems of Linear Equations (solving methods)

两个或多个 Linear Equations 同时求解。解的情况:一个点 (consistent)、无解 (parallel)、无数个解 (same line)。

方法:

示例 (Elimination)
2x + 3y = 8
4x − 3y = 10
相加 → 6x = 18 → x = 3
代入 2(3) + 3y = 8 → y = 2/3

6. Exponents and Radicals (properties)

Exponent 规则

Radical 规则 (√ = ^{1/2}):

7. Polynomials (addition, subtraction, multiplication)

示例:(2x² + 3x − 5)(x − 4) = 2x³ − 8x² + 3x² − 12x − 5x + 20 = 2x³ − 5x² − 17x + 20

8. Factoring Polynomials (various techniques)

  1. Greatest Common Factor (GCF)
  2. Difference of Squares:a² − b² = (a − b)(a + b)
  3. Perfect Square Trinomial:a² ± 2ab + b² = (a ± b)²
  4. Grouping(分组分解)
  5. Trinomials (ac method 或试错法):x² + bx + c → 寻找 c 的因子,使其和等于 b
  6. Sum/Difference of Cubes:a³ ± b³ = (a ± b)(a² ∓ ab + b²)

示例:x² − 7x − 18 = (x − 9)(x + 2)

9. Quadratic Equations (standard form)

Standard form:ax² + bx + c = 0 (a ≠ 0)

10. Solving Quadratic Equations

方法:

示例:2x² − 5x − 3 = 0 → x = [5 ± √(25 + 24)] / 4 = [5 ± 7]/4 → x = 3 或 x = −1/2

11. Graphing Quadratic Functions (parabolas)

Vertex form:y = a(x − h)² + k → vertex (h, k)

Axis of symmetry(对称轴):x = h
y-intercept:(0, k + ah²)

12. Rational Expressions (simplifying, operations)

Rational expression:多项式分式

运算:

示例:(x² − 4)/(x² − x − 6) = (x−2)(x+2) / (x−3)(x+2) = (x−2)/(x−3) (x ≠ −2, 3)

13. Solving Rational Equations

  1. 找到 LCD(最小公分母)。
  2. 两边同乘 LCD(清除分母)。
  3. 求解所得方程。
  4. 检查解(排除使原分母为零的值)。

示例:3/(x−1) + 2/x = 5 → 同乘 x(x−1):3x + 2(x−1) = 5x(x−1)

14. Functions (definition, notation, domain, range)

15. Types of Functions

16. Inverse Functions

f 和 f⁻¹ 互相撤销:f(f⁻¹(x)) = x
求解方法:交换 x 和 y,解出 y。

示例:f(x) = 3x − 7 → y = 3x − 7 → x = 3y − 7 → y = (x + 7)/3 = f⁻¹(x)

One-to-one functions 具有 inverses(水平线判定法)。

17. Logarithmic Functions (definition, properties)

Logarithm:log_b(a) = c 表示 b^c = a
Common logs:log = log₁₀,ln = log_e (natural log)

属性

18. Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations

示例:5^x = 20 → x = log₅ 20 = ln20 / ln5
示例:log₂(x + 3) = 4 → x + 3 = 2⁴ = 16 → x = 13

19. Sequences and Series

20. Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities

示例 2x − 3 = 7 → 2x − 3 = 7 或 2x − 3 = −7 → x = 5 或 x = −2
示例 x + 4 ≤ 6 → −6 ≤ x + 4 ≤ 6 → −10 ≤ x ≤ 2

参考文献:


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