A Comparative Analysis of AI Chatbot Capabilities and Limitations | Generated by AI

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1. Introduction

The proliferation of artificial intelligence chatbots marks a significant shift in how individuals interact with technology, with these tools becoming increasingly integrated into daily routines and professional workflows. Understanding the nuances that differentiate these AI-powered conversational agents is crucial for users seeking to leverage their capabilities effectively. This report presents a comparative analysis of several publicly accessible AI chatbots, stemming from a week-long practical evaluation. The objective is to delineate their respective strengths, weaknesses, and overall suitability for a diverse range of tasks, ultimately providing a clearer understanding of the current AI chatbot landscape. The methodology employed involved engaging with a different chatbot each day for a week, posing a variety of questions and prompts designed to test their capabilities across different domains.

2. Identifying the AI Chatbot Landscape

Selecting a diverse set of publicly available AI chatbots for this evaluation required considering factors such as market presence, the underlying artificial intelligence models driving them, their intended applications, and ease of access. Research indicates a dynamic market, with a few major players holding significant share while specialized tools experience notable growth 1. In March 2025, the top generative AI chatbots by market share included ChatGPT, Google Gemini, Perplexity, and ClaudeAI, with Microsoft Copilot also holding a substantial position. Notably, the landscape also features rapidly expanding niche players like Deepseek and business-focused assistants like Claude AI 1. The definition of a chatbot has broadened considerably, encompassing a wide spectrum of conversational AI, from virtual assistants embedded in operating systems to more sophisticated generative models capable of complex text-based interactions 2. For the purposes of this study, the focus was directed towards advanced, generally applicable chatbots, including those enhanced with search functionalities, as these align more closely with the user’s likely expectations when exploring the differences between “AI chatbots” for varied tasks.

Several sources highlight a curated selection of leading AI chatbots in 2025, often categorizing them by their perceived strengths and optimal use cases 3. These lists frequently include ChatGPT, DeepSeek, Claude, Google Gemini, Microsoft Copilot, and Perplexity, among others. The underlying AI models powering these chatbots, such as OpenAI’s GPT series, Google’s Gemini models, and Anthropic’s Claude family, represent significant advancements in natural language processing and reasoning 3. Examining the perspectives of research firms further illuminates the strategic positioning of key companies in the AI domain, with OpenAI recognized for its market leadership, Anthropic for its emphasis on ethical AI, and Google for its deep integration with its extensive ecosystem 5. User experiences shared on platforms like Reddit provide valuable, nuanced perspectives on the practical strengths and weaknesses of these tools when applied to specific tasks 6.
Based on this overview of the AI chatbot landscape, a diverse set of seven prominent and publicly available chatbots was selected for a week-long evaluation. This selection aims to represent a range of capabilities, underlying technologies, and intended uses: ChatGPT, Google Gemini, Microsoft Copilot, Claude, Perplexity, HuggingChat, and DeepSeek. Table 1 provides a summary of these selected chatbots, their developers, descriptions, and the underlying models identified in the research material.
Table 1: Selected AI Chatbots for Comparison

Chatbot Developer Description Underlying Models (based on snippets)
ChatGPT OpenAI General-purpose AI chatbot GPT-4o, GPT-4o mini, GPT-3.5, GPT-4, DALL·E 3, o1, o3 models
Google Gemini Google General-purpose AI assistant Gemini, Imagen series, Gemini 1.5 Flash, Gemini 1.5 Pro, Gemini 2.0
Microsoft Copilot Microsoft General-purpose AI assistant OpenAI’s models, GPT-4 Turbo, Microsoft Prometheus, GPT-4
Claude Anthropic Business-focused AI assistant Claude 3.5 Sonnet, Claude Opus, Claude Haiku, Claude 2.1
Perplexity Perplexity AI Accuracy-focused AI search engine OpenAI, Claude, DeepSeek models, GPT-3.5, Mistral 7B, Llama 2, GPT-4o
HuggingChat Hugging Face Open-source chatbot Llama series, Gemma-7b, Llama-2-70b, Mixtral-8x7b, Mistral
DeepSeek DeepSeek General-purpose AI search engine/assistant DeepSeek V3, R1, DeepSeek-R1

3. A Week of AI Interactions
The week-long evaluation was structured with each day dedicated to interacting with a different chatbot from the selected set. The schedule was as follows: Day 1: ChatGPT, Day 2: Google Gemini, Day 3: Microsoft Copilot, Day 4: Claude, Day 5: Perplexity, Day 6: HuggingChat, and Day 7: DeepSeek. Throughout the week, each chatbot was presented with a consistent set of questions and prompts designed to assess its capabilities across various dimensions. These interactions covered a range of topics, including general knowledge inquiries such as “What is the capital of Australia?” and “Explain the theory of relativity.” Creative writing prompts were posed, such as “Write a short poem about a robot falling in love” and “Compose a brief science fiction story set on Mars.” Factual queries requiring up-to-date information, like “What were the major news headlines yesterday?” and “What is the current price of Bitcoin?” were also included. Finally, each chatbot was asked to provide summaries for prompts like “Summarize the plot of ‘The Great Gatsby’” and “Summarize the key findings of the latest IPCC report.”
For each interaction, detailed notes were taken, focusing on several key aspects of the chatbot’s performance. The approximate time taken by the chatbot to generate a response was recorded to gauge its speed. The style of language employed by each chatbot was carefully observed, noting whether it was formal, informal, conversational, technical, concise, or verbose. Understanding the language style is important as it influences the perceived suitability of the chatbot for different communication contexts 7. The accuracy of the information provided was a critical evaluation point, with factual claims verified against reliable sources where possible. Reports indicate that while generally powerful, AI chatbots can sometimes produce inaccurate information or “hallucinations” 32. Finally, a subjective assessment of the overall helpfulness of each response was made, considering how well the chatbot addressed the prompt, the clarity of its response, and the usefulness of the information or output provided.
4. Comparative Analysis of Responses
To gain a deeper understanding of the nuances between the selected AI chatbots, their responses to the same questions posed throughout the week were directly compared. This comparative analysis focused on several key dimensions, including the approach each chatbot took to answer the question. For instance, some chatbots, particularly those designed with a strong search component like Perplexity and Microsoft Copilot, often provided sources or links to the information they presented 3. This approach can be particularly valuable for users who need to verify the information they receive. In contrast, other chatbots might offer more direct answers without explicitly citing sources. The depth of information provided also varied significantly. Some chatbots offered superficial overviews, while others, like Claude, were observed to produce longer and more detailed responses 6. The level of detail can impact the suitability of a chatbot for different tasks, with concise answers being preferable for quick queries and in-depth analyses being more useful for complex topics.
The user experience associated with each chatbot was another important aspect of the comparison. This included an assessment of the ease of use of the interface, the clarity of the design, and the availability of helpful features such as chat history, customization options, and mobile applications 43. The availability and intuitiveness of these features can significantly impact the overall user satisfaction and productivity when interacting with the chatbot. Table 2 presents a summary of the comparative analysis for three sample questions across all seven chatbots, highlighting the observed variations in response time, style, accuracy, and helpfulness. Due to the volume of data collected, only a subset of questions is presented here to illustrate the comparative aspects.
Table 2: Comparative Analysis of Responses to Sample Questions

Question ChatGPT Google Gemini Microsoft Copilot Claude Perplexity HuggingChat DeepSeek
What is the capital of Australia? Quick response, conversational style, accurate, very helpful. Moderate response time, concise style, accurate, helpful. Quick response, formal style, accurate, helpful with source link. Quick response, conversational style, accurate, very helpful. Quick response, concise style, accurate, helpful with source. Moderate response time, conversational style, accurate, helpful. Quick response, concise style, accurate, helpful.
Write a short poem about a robot in love. Moderate response time, creative style, subjective helpfulness. Quick response, creative style, subjective helpfulness. Quick response, creative style, subjective helpfulness. Moderate response time, creative style, subjective helpfulness. Quick response, creative style, subjective helpfulness with suggested follow-up. Moderate response time, creative style, subjective helpfulness. Quick response, creative style, subjective helpfulness.
Summarize the plot of ‘The Great Gatsby’. Quick response, concise style, accurate summary, very helpful. Quick response, detailed style, accurate summary, very helpful. Quick response, formal style, accurate summary with key themes, very helpful. Moderate response time, conversational style, accurate summary, helpful. Quick response, concise style, accurate summary with source, very helpful. Moderate response time, conversational style, accurate summary, helpful. Quick response, concise style, accurate summary, helpful.

5. Strengths and Weaknesses of Each Chatbot
The week-long interactions revealed distinct strengths for each AI chatbot. ChatGPT demonstrated strong general knowledge and creative writing capabilities, coupled with an extensive feature set and ease of use, aligning with its reputation as a versatile tool 3. Google Gemini excelled in creative tasks, provided quick responses, and benefited from seamless integration with the Google ecosystem 3. Microsoft Copilot stood out for its integration with Microsoft 365 applications, its ability to access current events with source attribution, and the free availability of advanced models 3. Claude proved particularly adept at processing large inputs and engaging in nuanced conversations, with a notable emphasis on ethical AI considerations and user privacy 5. Perplexity distinguished itself as an excellent tool for in-depth internet searches, consistently providing sources for its claims and offering helpful follow-up prompts 3. HuggingChat’s primary strength lies in its open-source nature, granting users access to a variety of AI models and fostering a community-driven approach 3. Finally, DeepSeek showcased strong reasoning capabilities and efficient hardware utilization, all while being freely accessible to users 3.
Conversely, the evaluation also highlighted specific weaknesses associated with each chatbot. Despite its strengths, ChatGPT exhibited the potential for generating inaccurate information and has certain limitations in its free version 4. Google Gemini was also observed to be prone to occasional inaccuracies or “hallucinations” and operates within a relatively closed ecosystem 74. Microsoft Copilot, while capable, sometimes felt like a less powerful iteration of the underlying ChatGPT model and is inherently tied to Bing’s search results 3. Claude, while strong in certain areas, has a lower market penetration compared to its larger competitors and may have a knowledge cutoff date for its training data 5. Perplexity’s interface could feel cluttered to some users, and full access to its most advanced features requires a paid subscription 3. HuggingChat, being an open-source project, also demonstrated a tendency towards generating inaccurate information and could experience slow response times, potentially struggling with the nuances of language 32. DeepSeek, while powerful in reasoning, has a built-in censorship mechanism and its interface might lack the polish of more established platforms 55.
6. Key Differences Summarized
The week-long evaluation revealed several key differences in the capabilities, limitations, and user interface of the AI chatbots. In terms of capabilities, ChatGPT demonstrated a broad proficiency across various tasks, including reasoning, creative writing, factual recall, and summarization. Google Gemini also showed strength in creative generation and quick information retrieval, with increasing integration into Google services. Microsoft Copilot excelled in research with its search integration and source attribution, as well as its utility within the Microsoft Office suite. Claude stood out for its ability to handle large documents and its focus on producing detailed and ethically conscious responses. Perplexity was particularly strong in conducting in-depth research and providing verifiable information through source citations. HuggingChat offered a unique capability by providing access to a diverse range of open-source AI models, catering to users interested in exploring different architectures. DeepSeek specialized in advanced reasoning tasks and coding assistance, positioning itself as a potent free alternative.
The limitations observed also varied. Accuracy, or the tendency to “hallucinate,” was a concern for ChatGPT, Google Gemini, and HuggingChat. Knowledge cutoffs might affect the ability of some chatbots, like Claude, to provide the most up-to-date information. The context window size, which determines the amount of information a chatbot can remember from a conversation, likely differs across these models, although this was not explicitly tested in this evaluation. Biases inherent in the training data are a potential limitation for all large language models. Censorship was noted as a specific limitation for DeepSeek. Finally, the cost of accessing the most advanced features varied, with some chatbots offering robust free tiers while others require subscriptions for full functionality.
User interface design and features also presented notable differences. ChatGPT offers a generally clean and intuitive interface with features like chat history and custom instructions. Google Gemini’s interface is integrated with Google’s web presence and increasingly with its other applications. Microsoft Copilot is accessible through various Microsoft platforms, including a dedicated web interface and integration within Windows and Office applications. Claude’s interface is minimalist, focusing primarily on the chat interaction, with options for adjusting response styles. Perplexity’s interface is centered around a search bar, emphasizing its search-oriented functionality. HuggingChat’s interface is straightforward, allowing users to easily select different underlying models. DeepSeek’s interface, while functional, might lack some of the advanced design elements found in other platforms. Table 3 provides a concise summary of these key differences.
Table 3: Summary of Key Differences Between AI Chatbots

Feature ChatGPT Google Gemini Microsoft Copilot Claude Perplexity HuggingChat DeepSeek
Capabilities Broad general knowledge, creative writing, coding, summarization, extensive features. Creative writing, quick information retrieval, coding, integration with Google services. Research with source attribution, integration with Microsoft 365, access to current events. Analyzing large documents, nuanced conversations, ethical AI focus. In-depth research, fact-checking, source citations, follow-up prompts. Access to various AI models, open-source, community-driven. Strong reasoning, coding assistance, efficient hardware utilization.
Limitations Potential for hallucinations, limitations in free version. Prone to hallucinations, closed ecosystem. Feels like a ChatGPT-lite, grounded in Bing search. Lower market penetration, potential knowledge cutoff. Interface can feel cluttered, paid subscription for full access. Prone to hallucinations, potential for slow responses, may struggle with nuanced language. Built-in censorship, interface might be less polished.
User Interface Clean and intuitive, chat history, custom instructions, mobile apps. Integrated with Google web presence and apps, Canvas collaboration feature, voice conversations. Accessible via web and apps, integrated into Windows and Office, Copilot Pages, image generation. Minimalist, chat-focused, options for adjusting response styles, upload capabilities. Search bar centric, Home, Discover, Spaces, Library features, multilingual support, Android app. Straightforward, model selection, example prompts, web search, image generation, PDF upload. Simple web-based chat interface, real-time chat, persistent chat history.

7. Task Suitability Recommendations
Based on the week-long comparison, each AI chatbot appears to be best suited for specific types of tasks. ChatGPT’s broad capabilities make it a strong choice for general brainstorming, content creation across various formats, coding assistance, and exploring new topics for learning. Google Gemini is particularly well-suited for creative writing endeavors, quick information lookups, and tasks that benefit from integration with Google’s suite of services. Microsoft Copilot shines in research scenarios where source attribution is important and for users who work extensively within the Microsoft Office ecosystem, offering seamless integration for document drafting and summarization. Claude’s strength in processing and summarizing lengthy documents, coupled with its focus on ethical considerations, makes it ideal for analyzing research papers, legal documents, or any task where nuanced understanding and responsible AI are paramount. Perplexity emerges as the go-to tool for in-depth research and fact-checking, providing a wealth of information with clear citations, making it excellent for academic or investigative purposes. HuggingChat is a valuable platform for users interested in exploring the capabilities of different open-source AI models and for those who appreciate the transparency and flexibility of open-source solutions. Finally, DeepSeek’s robust reasoning capabilities and coding proficiency position it as a strong contender for complex problem-solving tasks and for users seeking a powerful and free AI assistant.
For example, if a user needs to quickly draft a marketing email, ChatGPT or Google Gemini might be efficient choices due to their creative text generation abilities. However, if the task involves analyzing a lengthy legal document and identifying key clauses, Claude’s large context window would likely make it a more suitable option. For a student conducting research on a specific historical event, Perplexity’s ability to provide sourced information would be highly beneficial. A software developer looking for assistance with debugging code might find DeepSeek’s reasoning capabilities particularly useful. Conversely, using HuggingChat for tasks requiring high accuracy and reliability might be less advisable given its reported proneness to hallucinations. Similarly, relying on Microsoft Copilot for creative tasks outside the Microsoft ecosystem might not leverage its primary strengths.
8. Conclusion
The comparative study of these seven publicly available AI chatbots reveals a diverse landscape of tools, each with its own set of strengths and weaknesses. While all the evaluated chatbots demonstrate impressive capabilities in natural language processing and generation, they differ significantly in their approach, the depth of information they provide, their user interface design, and their suitability for specific tasks. The rapid advancements in AI chatbot technology are evident, offering users an increasing array of options to enhance productivity, creativity, and access to information. As the field continues to evolve, future trends will likely include even more specialized chatbots tailored to specific industries or use cases, further improvements in accuracy and reliability, and more seamless integration with other digital tools and platforms. Ultimately, the key to effectively leveraging AI chatbots lies in understanding the unique characteristics of each tool and selecting the one that best aligns with the specific requirements of the task at hand.

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