Switching and Routing Exam Knowledge Points | Generated by AI

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Here is a comprehensive list of 100 knowledge points for the “Switching and Routing Technology” (13833) exam, structured according to the syllabus projects and assessment objectives.

Project 1: eNSP and VRP Fundamentals

  1. eNSP Purpose: eNSP is a graphical network simulation platform used to simulate Huawei enterprise-level network equipment.
  2. VRP System: The Versatile Routing Platform (VRP) is the operating system used in Huawei network devices.
  3. User View: The initial view upon login, denoted by <Huawei>, used for viewing basic device information.
  4. System View: Entered using the system-view command, used for modifying global device parameters.
  5. Interface View: Used for configuring specific physical or logical ports (e.g., interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/1).
  6. Command Completion: The Tab key is used to automatically complete a partially typed command.
  7. Question Mark (?): Provides a list of available commands or help with command parameters.
  8. Save Configuration: The save command stores the current configuration in flash memory to prevent data loss after a reboot.
  9. Undo Command: The undo keyword is used to delete a configuration or disable a specific function.
  10. Display Commands: The display command (e.g., display this) is used to view the current status or configuration settings.

Project 2: Switching Technology & Campus Networks

  1. Layer 2 Switching: Switches forward data frames based on Destination MAC addresses at the Data Link Layer.
  2. MAC Address Table: A dynamic table mapping MAC addresses to specific physical ports on a switch.
  3. Layer 3 Switching: Combines Layer 2 switching with Layer 3 routing to achieve high-speed inter-VLAN data forwarding.
  4. VLAN Definition: Virtual Local Area Networks logically segment a physical network into multiple broadcast domains.
  5. VLAN Advantages: Improves security, reduces broadcast traffic, and simplifies network management.
  6. Access Port: A port type used to connect to end devices (PCs) that belongs to a single VLAN.
  7. Trunk Port: A port type that allows multiple VLANs to pass through a single physical link between switches.
  8. Hybrid Port: A Huawei-specific port type that can handle both tagged and untagged traffic flexibly.
  9. PVID: The Port VLAN ID identifies the default VLAN tag assigned to untagged frames entering a port.
  10. IEEE 802.1Q: The standard industry protocol used for VLAN tagging in Ethernet frames.
  11. Inter-VLAN Routing: Achieved using a Layer 3 switch or a router to allow communication between different VLANs.
  12. VLANIF Interface: A logical Layer 3 interface on a switch used as a gateway for a specific VLAN.
  13. Link Aggregation: Combines multiple physical links into one logical link to increase bandwidth and provide redundancy.
  14. LACP Protocol: The Link Aggregation Control Protocol used to dynamically negotiate and manage aggregated links.
  15. Network Loops: Occur when multiple active paths exist between switches, leading to broadcast storms.
  16. STP (Spanning Tree Protocol): Prevents network loops by logically blocking redundant ports.
  17. Root Bridge: The central switch in an STP topology, selected based on the lowest Bridge ID.
  18. RSTP (Rapid STP): An evolution of STP that provides significantly faster convergence times when the topology changes.
  19. VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol): Provides gateway redundancy by grouping multiple routers/switches into one virtual router.
  20. Master Router: The active device in a VRRP group responsible for forwarding traffic.
  21. Backup Router: The standby device in a VRRP group that takes over if the Master fails.
  22. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): Automatically assigns IP addresses, masks, and gateways to network hosts.
  23. DHCP Server: The device (router or switch) that manages the IP address pool and leases addresses.
  24. DHCP Relay: Allows a DHCP server to provide addresses to clients located in different subnets/VLANs.
  25. Console Port: A physical management port used for local initial configuration of a switch or router.
  26. Telnet/SSH: Protocols used for remote management of network devices over the network.
  27. Full-Duplex: Allows simultaneous bidirectional data transmission on a switch port.
  28. Half-Duplex: Allows data transmission in both directions, but only one direction at a time.
  29. Port Security: A feature that limits the number of MAC addresses allowed on a single switch port.
  30. Broadcast Storm: Excessive broadcast traffic that consumes all bandwidth and crashes the network.

Project 3: Routing Technology & Inter-Networking

  1. Router Function: Connects different network segments and determines the best path for IP packet forwarding.
  2. Routing Table: A database in a router that stores paths to various network destinations.
  3. Directly Connected Route: A route automatically created when a router’s interface is configured with an IP and is active.
  4. Static Route: A manually configured path to a destination network defined by the administrator.
  5. Default Route: A type of static route (0.0.0.0/0) used when no specific match is found in the routing table.
  6. Floating Static Route: A backup static route with a higher preference value that only appears if the primary link fails.
  7. Dynamic Routing: Protocols that allow routers to automatically learn and share network topology changes.
  8. Metric: A value used by routing protocols to determine the “cost” or efficiency of a specific path.
  9. Administrative Distance/Preference: A value used to select the best route when multiple protocols provide the same destination.
  10. RIP (Routing Information Protocol): A distance-vector protocol that uses “hop count” as its metric.
  11. RIPv2: An updated version of RIP that supports VLSM and uses multicast (224.0.0.9) for updates.
  12. OSPF (Open Shortest Path First): A link-state protocol that uses the Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm.
  13. OSPF Area: A logical grouping of OSPF routers used to limit the size of the link-state database.
  14. OSPF Area 0: The backbone area in an OSPF network to which all other areas must connect.
  15. Router ID: A unique 32-bit number used to identify a router within an OSPF process.
  16. Neighbor Relationship: A state where two OSPF routers exchange “Hello” packets and agree on parameters.
  17. Adjacency: A more advanced state where OSPF neighbors synchronize their link-state databases.
  18. One-Arm Routing: Using a single physical interface on a router (with sub-interfaces) to route between multiple VLANs.
  19. Sub-interface: A logical division of a physical interface used in “Router-on-a-Stick” configurations.
  20. Dot1q Termination: The process of a router sub-interface stripping a VLAN tag to process an IP packet.
  21. NAT (Network Address Translation): Translates private internal IP addresses into public IP addresses for Internet access.
  22. Static NAT: A one-to-one mapping between a private IP and a public IP address.
  23. Dynamic NAT: Maps private IPs to a pool of public IP addresses on a first-come, first-served basis.
  24. NAPT (Network Address Port Translation): Allows multiple internal hosts to share one public IP by using different port numbers.
  25. ACL (Access Control List): A set of rules used to permit or deny traffic based on IP addresses or port numbers.
  26. Basic ACL: Uses range 2000-2999 and filters based only on the source IP address.
  27. Advanced ACL: Uses range 3000-3999 and filters based on source/destination IP, protocol, and port numbers.
  28. ACL Rule “Deny”: Explicitly drops packets that match the specified criteria in the rule.
  29. ACL Rule “Permit”: Allows packets that match the specified criteria to pass through.
  30. Wildcard Mask: Used in ACLs to specify which bits of an IP address should be ignored during matching.
  31. PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol): A widely used Data Link Layer protocol for direct connections between two routers.
  32. CHAP Authentication: A secure three-way handshake authentication method used in PPP links.
  33. IPv6 Address: A 128-bit address designed to replace IPv4, written in eight groups of hexadecimal digits.
  34. IPv6 Stateless Autoconfiguration (SLAAC): Allows a host to generate its own IPv6 address using the prefix provided by a router.
  35. Dual Stack: Running both IPv4 and IPv6 simultaneously on the same network equipment.
  36. Route Redistribution: A process allowing a router to share routes learned from one protocol into another (e.g., RIP to OSPF).
  37. Convergence: The time it takes for all routers in a network to update their routing tables after a change.
  38. Split Horizon: A technique used by RIP to prevent routing loops by not sending info back out the interface it was learned from.
  39. LSA (Link State Advertisement): The data packet OSPF uses to share local topology information with neighbors.
  40. DR (Designated Router): The lead router in an OSPF multi-access segment responsible for managing LSAs.

Project 4: Advanced Configuration & Design

  1. Subnetting: The process of dividing a large network into smaller, more manageable sub-networks.
  2. CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing): A method for IP addressing that replaces traditional Class A, B, and C categories.
  3. Subnet Mask: A 32-bit number that distinguishes the network portion of an IP address from the host portion.
  4. Gateway: The point of exit from a local network to other networks, usually a router or Layer 3 switch.
  5. Loopback Interface: A virtual interface on a router used for testing and as a stable identifier for OSPF.
  6. ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): Resolves a known IP address into a physical MAC address.
  7. Proxy ARP: Allows a router to answer ARP requests for a network it can reach but is not directly attached to.
  8. Tracert: A diagnostic tool used to track the hop-by-hop path a packet takes to a destination.
  9. Ping: Uses ICMP Echo messages to test basic connectivity between two IP devices.
  10. Bandwidth: The maximum rate of data transfer across a given path in a network.
  11. Throughput: The actual rate of successful data delivery over a specific period.
  12. VLAN Pruning: Restricting VLAN traffic on Trunk links to only those switches that have active members in that VLAN.
  13. Root Port: The port on a non-root bridge with the lowest path cost to the Root Bridge.
  14. Designated Port: The port on a network segment responsible for forwarding STP traffic.
  15. MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit): The largest size of a data unit that can be transmitted over a network interface.
  16. Cold Boot: Starting a device from a powered-off state.
  17. Warm Boot/Reboot: Restarting a device without removing power, often to apply new configurations.
  18. Network Topology: The physical or logical layout of a network (e.g., Star, Mesh, Bus).
  19. Standardization: Using protocols like OSPF and STP to ensure compatibility between different vendors’ equipment.
  20. Troubleshooting: The systematic process of identifying, locating, and fixing faults in a network configuration.

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